Definitions of child abuse and neglect can include adults, young people and older children as the perpetrators of the abuse. It is commonly stated in legislation that the term ‘child abuse and neglect’ refers to behaviours and treatment that result in the actual and/or likelihood of harm to the child or young person. Furthermore, such Child abuse: New directions in prevention and treatment across the lifespan. Sage; Thousand Oaks, CA: pp. 55– [Google Scholar] Tajima EA. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Bryn Mawr College; Bryn Mawr, PA: Understanding connections between two forms of family violence: Wife abuse and violence towards children. [Google Scholar Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent. It includes direct sexual contact, the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or
Effects of child abuse and neglect for children and adolescents | Child Family Community Australia
Child abuse dissertation out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More, child abuse dissertation. This study examines the effects of child abuse and domestic violence exposure in childhood on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Data for this analysis are from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, a prospective study of youth addressing outcomes of family violence and resilience in individuals and families.
Results show that child abuse, domestic violence, child abuse dissertation, and both in combination i. When accounting for risk factors associated with additional stressors in the family and surrounding environment, only those children with dual exposure had an elevated risk of the tested outcomes compared child abuse dissertation non-exposed youth.
However, while there were some observable differences in the prediction of outcomes for children with dual exposure compared to those with single exposure i. Analyses showed that the effects of exposure for boys and girls are statistically comparable, child abuse dissertation.
Every year an estimated 3. Studies investigating the prevalence of child abuse find that almostchild abuse dissertation, children are classified as maltreated by parents and other caretakers United States Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], Herrenkohl, Sousa, child abuse dissertation, Tajima, R.
Studies investigating dual exposure have produced mixed results, suggesting the need for further investigation. For example, child abuse dissertation, some studies have found that children doubly exposed to abuse and domestic violence have worse outcomes than others Hughes et al, child abuse dissertation. This investigation aims to strengthen research on the unique and combined effects of exposure to child abuse and domestic violence on psychosocial outcomes in adolescence.
The study also seeks to examine whether gender interacts with abuse and domestic violence exposure in the prediction of youth outcomes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that experiencing child abuse can lead to a range of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Teens who were abused as children are also more likely to exhibit externalizing behavior problems, such as delinquency and violence perpetration Fergusson et al.
In a recent meta-analysis of studies that examined the relationship between domestic violence exposure in childhood and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors, child abuse dissertation, Evans, Davies, and DiLillo found significant mean-weighted effect sizes of. Several studies have investigated the dual exposure hypothesis. Child abuse dissertation found that children who were direct victims of abuse and exposed to domestic violence had higher externalizing and internalizing scores than did those who only witnessed domestic violence DV.
However, Sternberg et al. Theirs was a study of children, child abuse dissertation, 8 to 12 years of age.
Analyses compared children who: a were direct victims of child abuse only; b had been exposed to domestic violence only; and c were victims of both abuse and domestic violence exposure. The study also included a no-violence comparison group, child abuse dissertation.
Results showed that children in the no-violence comparison group reported lower levels of depression and internalizing and externalizing behaviors than those in any of the three violence exposure groups. However, those who were doubly exposed to child abuse and domestic violence were no more likely than the children in the abuse-only or DV-only groups to experience these outcomes.
Sternberg, Baradaran, Abbot, Lamb, and Guterman conducted what they describe as a mega-analysis in which they pooled raw child abuse dissertation on age, gender, behavior problems, and violence exposure from 15 studies, resulting in a dataset of 1, subjects ages 4 to 14 years.
They used regression analyses to investigate unique and combined effects of child abuse and domestic violence on externalizing and internalizing behaviors, measured by the Child Behavior Check List Achenbach, a. The authors found that the children who were dually exposed to child abuse and domestic violence were consistently at higher risk for internalizing problems than child abuse victims, domestic violence witnesses, and those who had not been exposed.
Children ages 4 and 9 years of age who were doubly exposed to abuse and domestic violence also were at higher risk for externalizing behavior, although this dual exposure effect did not hold for children who were 10 to 14 years of age.
Although these studies provide some evidence of an additive effect on outcomes of abuse and domestic violence exposure, child abuse dissertation, patterns in the data are not uniform and there is a need for longitudinal analyses that extend into later adolescence.
Analyses need also to account for other co-existing risk factors. Support is mixed with respect to gender differences in effects of witnessing domestic violence, being the direct victim of abuse, or both. Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, and Kenny conducted a meta-analysis using studies of psychosocial outcomes related to domestic violence exposure.
The authors found comparable effect sizes for boys and girls, and no evidence of gender-by-outcome interactions. Wolfe child abuse dissertation al. However, other studies have found that gender moderates the effects of violence exposure. For example, Evans et al. Another study, however, found that girls exposed to domestic violence were at higher risk than boys for both externalizing and internalizing behaviors, including depression Sternberg et al.
Heyman and Slep investigated both fathers and mothers and found an association between childhood exposure to violence and later abuse of their children. For mothers, only exposure to multiple forms of violence during childhood was associated with an increased risk of abuse toward their children. Given the mixed and sometimes contrasting findings on gender differences in exposure child abuse dissertation, there is a need for more well-designed studies on the issue Herrenkohl et al.
We examine gender as a potential moderator in the current study, child abuse dissertation. In summary, the current study examines several outcomes in adolescence with known links to child adversity -- a range of internalizing and externalizing behaviors, depression, and delinquency. Finally, we explore the role of gender as a possible moderator of childhood exposure on later outcomes in adolescence. The gender-balanced sample and longitudinal design of the current study allow tests of developmental relationships that are not possible in studies with cross-sectional data or in studies with only one child abuse dissertation. Data are from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, a prospective study of children and families begun in the s to examine developmental consequences of child maltreatment.
Participants were recruited from several settings in a two-county area of Pennsylvania: child welfare abuse and protective service programs, Head Start classrooms, day care programs, child abuse dissertation, and private middle income nursery school programs. Three waves of data were collected at key developmental points for children preschool, school age, and adolescenceand a fourth adult wave of the study is now underway.
An initial assessment of children and their families was completed inwhen children were of preschool age. The second wave of data collection occurred between andwhen the children were between 8 and 11 years of age. The third assessment was completed inwhen the children ranged from age 14 to 23 average age: 18 years. The full longitudinal sample includes children from families: children from child welfare abuse programs, from child welfare protective service programs, 70 from Head Start, 64 from day care programs, and 74 from nursery school programs.
The present analyses are conducted using data from the individuals assessed across all three waves of data collection. The racial breakdown of the full sample is: The ethnic composition is: 7.
These percentages were consistent with the makeup of the two-county area at child abuse dissertation time the original sample was drawn. Eighty-six percent of children were, child abuse dissertation, at the time of initial assessment, from two-parent households.
Of the participants assessed in adolescence, By the time of the adolescent assessment, four participants had died: two children in the child welfare abuse group, one in the child welfare neglect group, and one child in the middle-income group. The percentage lost to attrition varied somewhat across groups: child welfare abuse Further tests for comparability between attriters and non-attriters found no differences on other key variables, child abuse dissertation, including childhood SES, child abuse dissertation, physically abusive discipline, and exposure to domestic violence.
Data for the preschool and school-age assessments are from interviews with parents, child abuse dissertation. Data for the adolescent assessment are from face-to-face interviews and individually administered questionnaires with parents and youth.
The adolescent youth survey provides information on parenting practices, youth behavior, youth psychological functioning, and youth school experiences. All phases of the study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Lehigh University. Consent and assent for children and adolescents was child abuse dissertation from study participants during all waves of child abuse dissertation collection, child abuse dissertation.
Severe physical disciplining was assessed with self-reports from mothers and adolescents and includes: child abuse dissertation a child; slapping so as to bruise a child; hitting a child with a stick, paddle or other hard object; or hitting a child with a strap, rope, or belt.
Those who were disciplined with two or more severe physical discipline practices were considered to have been maltreated. A threshold of two or more incidents was set child abuse dissertation eliminate isolated cases of severe physical discipline from an otherwise non-abusive parent. Individuals for whom there was agreement in the prospective parent report and retrospective adolescent report were added to those identified by official records child abuse dissertation abuse victims.
This procedure allows us to take advantage of the multiple sources of data available in the study. By requiring evidence of abuse on both the prospective and retrospective self-report measures before identifying a child as a victim of abuse, we lessen the potential measurement bias that can be introduced by using a child abuse dissertation data source Herrenkohl et al, child abuse dissertation.
In addition, requiring cross-informant agreement increases the likelihood that violence exposure did occur. Although this may underestimate the number of exposed children by excluding cases for which abuse or DV exposure was identified by only one source, we can be more certain that those who are included are not falsely classified.
The dichotomous domestic violence exposure variable used here includes three types of moderately severe domestic violence behaviors by either parent: physical violence hitting, punching, kickingthreats to do physical harm, and breaking things.
Again, to take advantage of various data sources and to limit potential measurement error, we required agreement between prospective parent and retrospective adolescent self-reports, child abuse dissertation.
In cases where parental reports and adolescent reports differed in their responses about whether domestic violence behaviors had occurred, child abuse dissertation, the case was coded conservatively i. To assess adolescent psychosocial functioning and behavior, we used items from the Achenbach Youth Self Report YSR Achenbach, b completed by youth participants in the adolescent wave of the study.
Subscales of the internalizing and externalizing composite scales were scored and used in the reported analyses. The second is a general measure of delinquency. This scale was originally developed for the National Youth Survey and is widely used in studies of youth behavior and development Elliott, These final two outcomes were added to analyses so as not to rely exclusively on variables derived from a single standardized instrument and to allow cross-validation of results on two key constructs of interest: depression and delinquency.
Race and age of youth were also included in the risk scale to capture demographics known to be associated with higher scores on our outcome constructs: Parent personal problems included responses to survey items about current stressors in the family, as reported by parents at the time.
As a preliminary step in the analysis, parent personal problems, external constraints, race, and age were entered simultaneously into a logistic regression model with any violence exposure including domestic violence, child abuse, or both exposures as the outcome. All four of these variables were found to be significantly predictive of violence exposure. The scores of the regression model then were used to calculate a total predicted probability value for each participant.
Using this predicted child abuse dissertation composite score technique for regression adjustment allowed us to control parsimoniously for other variables related to child abuse and domestic violence Bauer et al, child abuse dissertation. The mean of this predicted risk composite was 0. The violence exposure groups were entered as child abuse dissertation set of dummy variables with gender entered simultaneously as a covariate, child abuse dissertation.
Models were run first without the risk composite, and then again with that measure added to determine whether relationships between violence exposure and the outcomes persisted after accounting for other known risk factors for the outcomes in question.
Models were also run to test whether gender moderated the effect of violence exposure on the outcomes by adding interaction terms for gender and the violence exposure variables, child abuse dissertation.
None of the gender interaction terms were statistically significant, indicating that the models should be estimated, and assumed to be comparable, for boys and girls together.
However, to account for possible gender differences in levels of the predictors and outcomes, gender was added as a free-standing covariate in the analyses.
Table I shows the distribution of cases across the violence child abuse dissertation groups none, child abuse only, domestic violence only, and dual exposure as well as the gender distribution of cases within the groups. Table II shows the means and standard deviations for each of the outcome variables for the full analyses sample, and for males and females separately. Mean and standard deviation of outcomes for the violence exposure groups and both genders.
As a first step, regression models were conducted to test whether violence exposure, represented by the three exposure groups, predicted the internalizing and externalizing outcome variables after accounting for gender. In these models, non-exposed youth served as the reference category to which those in the abuse, domestic violence, and dual exposure groups were compared Table III.
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How do nurses manage incidents of child abuse in the UK? A grounded theory research. Are nurses in the UK adequately trained and experienced to spot sexual abuse of children under 14? A grounded theory research. An exploration of the major differences in child health nursing as compared to other nursing specialists in the UK Aug 12, · Remember- dissertation topics need to be unique, solve an identified problem, be logical, and be practically implemented. Please look at some of our sample law dissertation topics to get an idea for your dissertation. How to Structure your Law Dissertation. A well-structured dissertation can help students to achieve a high overall academic grade Child abuse: New directions in prevention and treatment across the lifespan. Sage; Thousand Oaks, CA: pp. 55– [Google Scholar] Tajima EA. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Bryn Mawr College; Bryn Mawr, PA: Understanding connections between two forms of family violence: Wife abuse and violence towards children. [Google Scholar
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